Astrodynamics

A critical examination of rocket propulsion and the physics of space travel

The Tyranny of the Rocket Equation

Why rockets are fundamentally hard: A deep dive into Tsiolkovsky's equation and its unforgiving exponential nature. We'll explore why every kilogram matters, why staging exists, and why even minor improvements require massive engineering efforts.

From Fireworks to Orbit: How Rockets Generate Thrust

The physics of thrust generation from first principles. We'll debunk common misconceptions, derive the thrust equation, and understand why rockets work in vacuum—contrary to popular belief about "pushing against air."

The Chemistry of Going Fast: Propellant Combinations

An examination of rocket chemistry: why we burn what we burn. From the energy density of chemical bonds to the practical realities of handling hypergolic propellants, we'll explore the trade-offs that define propellant selection.

The Heart of the Beast: Combustion Chamber and Nozzle Design

Where chemistry becomes thrust: the brutal engineering of combustion chambers and nozzles. We'll explore injector design, cooling challenges, and why the simple-looking bell nozzle is a masterpiece of fluid dynamics.

Feeding the Fire: Engine Cycles and Turbomachinery

How to move tons of propellant per second: the world of turbopumps and engine cycles. From simple pressure-fed systems to complex staged combustion, we'll analyze the trade-offs between performance and complexity.

The Reusability Revolution: Engineering Rockets That Land

Why landing rockets is harder than launching them: the engineering challenges of reusability. We'll examine heat damage, structural fatigue, and the economics of refurbishment versus expendability.

Beyond Chemical Rockets: Electric and Nuclear Propulsion

When chemistry isn't enough: exploring ion drives, nuclear thermal rockets, and other exotic propulsion. We'll see why these excel in deep space but fail catastrophically for launch applications.

The Future of Getting to Space: What's Next?

The physics limits of chemical propulsion and what breakthroughs we need. From aerospikes to antimatter, we'll separate the promising from the perpetual motion machines.